Challenges That Women Entrepreneurs Face Commerce Essay

Ch bothenges That Wo bend force Entrepreneurs Face Commerce EssayThis written report examines the challenges that wo men enterprisers instance in the touristry sector in Zimbabwe. The research targeted fe manly entrepreneurs conveying curios in Masvingo and capital of Seychelles travel which be the prime tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. Women entrepreneurship has been under foreground in Zimbabwe beca physical exercise it is a source of frugalal ripening. notwithstanding the potential that lies in women entrepreneurs they face extra or at to the lowest degree contrary social, ethnical, educational and technological challenges than men in establishing and developing their give birth enterprises, and accessing economical resources. From the inter depends conducted women entrepreneurs in the touristry sector begin difficulties in securing funding, inadequate work organization tie in education as thoroughly as social, cultural and religious impediments. This paper en sexual activitys to understand the gender biases embedded in ordering which constrain womens mobility, interactions, active economic confederacy and access to calling evolution services. Lastly, appropriate interventions atomic number 18 recommended within the discourse of entrepreneurship.Key words Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Gender, Enterprise development, Women EntrepreneurshipIntroductionEntrepreneurship is a key driver of capacity building and national development in all country. As such(prenominal), this paper focuses on challenges faced by women in the touristry sector. On 21 May 2012 the researchers attended a meeting appear on Womens Engagement in Africas Tourism Industry in capital of Seychelles Falls held during the African Travel Association collection. The presenters included the former delegate Secretary General of fall in Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) who alluded to the item that touristry authorize upon believes 30% of the worlds sc rimping and offers 78% of workforce in the world. He further reiterated that research has explicitly shown the gender inequalities that exist in the tourism sector as virtuallyly women and children as comp atomic number 18d to the male counterp arts argon exploited. He further menti wholenessnessd that in 2008, the UNWTO came up with a polity for gender comparability which is envisaged under the United Nations Platform. In 2010, the Global report on Women in Tourism by World Tourism Organization and United Nations women detain women to participate in leadership single-valued functions in the tourism industry. The report held that although women constitute a high percentage of the workforce in the tourism industry, roughly of them occupy lower levels where they ar subsequently lowly paid. Because of this report, UNWTO suggested that vocational up learning be offered to empower women in the industry. Tanzania and Gambia were the first two countries chosen to leap the vocati onal b beating-reed instrumenting for women entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. Other countries to benefit from the training be from Latin America and Africa.another(prenominal) presenter a Managing coach of Affluent Hospitality Group in America give tongue to that women make up 80% of Travel Agency in America and 80% of go away decisions be made by women in North America. This bonnyifies the point that women wee-wee an active role to pushover in the tourism industry.In addition the Marketing Director of Amalinda Collection in Zimbabwe gave a affidavit of her experience in the Tourism industry. She admitted that as a mother she has a lot of family responsibilities that apart from being a working womanhood such that she faces the dilemma of choosing between family and bloodline. At iodin period when her son dribble sick at 4 months old she had to quit the job in favour of the family. Family roles represent one of the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in comp arison with their male counterparts.The Governor and Resident Minister of Matabele trim back North Province of Zimbabwe inform that, 60% of arts and wilinesss in Zimbabwe are produced by women from Binga who largely produce reed mats and baskets while the Gwaai women produce pottery artifacts. The interesting revelations made at the convocation prompted the researchers to consider conducting a research on the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in the tourism industry in Zimbabwe.In current days women-owned businesses hold break down increasingly popular exclusively entrepreneurship carcass a deeply gendered existence (Anderson, 2008). Bushell (2012) considered entrepreneurship as expedition dis fold up of paucity and gravitation towards equity scarce this has not been the case because women remain marginalized globally. Given the constraints facing African women entrepreneurs their climb economic potential is not actualized and they do not feature on the mainstrea m of the economic agenda (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). thither is in that locationfore lease for countries to address gender disparities between men and women to achieve significant milestones in economic growth. In addition to those problems faced by all mild-scale entrepreneurs, women face additional or at least different social, cultural, educational and technological challenges than men in establishing and developing their own enterprises, and accessing economic resources (Mayoux, 2001). It is important that such challenges be addressed so as to enable women to prosper in their businesses. Chitsike (2000) and United Nations Industrial evolution Organization (2003) mentioned that womens businesses in Zimbabwe tend to be wasted and are discriminated by the legal system which backs male ideologies.Literature round offIn many countries entrepreneurship has been considered a essence of generating meaningful and sustainable affair opportunities, particularly for those at the m argins of the economy women, the poor and people with disabilities (ILO, 1998 Rajani and Sarada, 2008). However, very superficial literature exists on the role of women entrepreneurs in a global economy especially in Africa (Morgan and Ojo, 2008) and this is one of the reasons why women continue to be marginalized in entrepreneurship development. In addition, in cases where the role of women entrepreneurship is articulated there still remains a gap in gender analysis (Morgan and Ojo, 2008). Research factors put oning consummation of women entrepreneurs of their businesses are limited in scope, as any active research close often focuses on individual characteristics and motives as performance predictors (Teoh and Chong, 2007) at the expense of gender disparities. Despite the economic greatness of womanly person entrepreneurs their numbers are lower than those for men (Verheul, Van Stel and Thurik, 2006 Carter, 2000 Minniti et al., 2005) and therefore it is of importance to address the barriers to womanly entrepreneurship. This paper deviates from the former approach by rivet on challenges that women face in entrepreneurial development. Furtherto a greater extent, the research applies an entrepreneurial development lesson adapted from Richardson and Howarth (2002a) to analyse the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe as shown in figure 1 below. The position is based on the cross sectional biological structure of a peach fruit. At centre of the model is the seed which represents the entrepreneurial hazard determine. The inner part adjacent to the seed represents the mesopreneurial (fruit mesorcarp) factors based on the MAIR model by (Gibb and Ritchie, 1982) which include motivation or commitment, skills, abilities and experiences, idea in relation to the marketplace as well as the resources. Williams (1997) commented that commitment and dedication of the entrepreneur is critical if they are to prosper whilst Zimmer and Scarborough (1996) attri scarcee failure of small businesses to managerial incompetence and lack of experience among other factors and therefore women entrepreneurs ask relevant skills and experience to safey exploit entrepreneurial opportunities. The mesopreneurial factors represent the introductory ingredients of business success. The last structural component is the exopreneurial (fruit exocarp) factors which represent the macro duckings in which the enterprises operate and it entails the following aspectsThe enabling environment which focuses on policy issues, institutions and initiatives which impact on enterprise development in particular the tourism industry in ZimbabweThe socio-cultural and economic context which the social, cultural and religious factors that affect enterprise development.Enterprise Support Sector made up of initiatives and organizations veri dining table to propel enterprise development and how these impact on enterprise development.The s tinting/Market surround which deals with opportunities and threats in the environment.Women entrepreneurs hardly have specialized swan institutions to cater for their specific needs (United Nations International reading Organization, 2003). In intimately cases entrepreneurial and technical training, advisory and information schedulemes often have to be carried out within a non-conventional set-up (United Nations International Development Organization, 2003). Women entrepreneurs need to have a to a greater extent endureive environment that is more favourable (Stevenson and St-Onge, 2005) if they are to gain similar recognition that of men. Training programmes developed must narrow into account their society, culture, community and empowerment (Agbnyiga and Ahmedani, 2008). If significant milestones are to be achieved in female entrepreneurship support systems need to take into account the needs, challenges and unique stake of women to promote women entrepreneurship and avoid failure and lower levels of female entrepreneurship (Drine and Grach, 2010). It is vital to personal source line that countries that have developed policies and legislation tailored for women entrepreneurship have witnessed tremendous growth and increase in the numbers of women in business.Figure 1 stunner Fruit Concept of entrepreneurship Adapted from Richardson and Howarth (2002a)Enteprise support sector Government, NGOs, Private Sector, rank and file Organizations, donorsEndopreneurial factorSeedEntrepreneurial OpportunityThe Economic/Market Environment Opportunities and ThreatsEnabling Environment for Enterprise regulations, policies, institutions, institutions and processesMesopreneurial FactorsExopreneurial factorsResourcesSocio/cultural context Attitudes, aspirations, confidence and permitidea with marketSkills, abilities and experienceMotivation and determinationFemale EntrepreneurshipWomen Entrepreneurs indicate to women or a group of women who initiate organize and o perate a business enterprise (Jahanshahi, Pitamber and Nawaser, 2010). McClelland et al. (2005) define a woman-owned business as one which is at least 51% owned by one or more women or in the case of any publicly-owned business, at least 51% of the stock of which is owned by one or more women. In 2010 187 million women were involved in entrepreneurship ranging from 1.5-45.4% of the adult female community in 59 economies (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM, 2010). It should in addition be noted that gold coast has 55% of women being involved in entrepreneurship and it is the simply economy where there are more women than men entrepreneurs (GEM, 2010). One of the United Nations Millennium Development goals is to promote gender equity and empower women as agents of poverty eradication, hunger, disorder and to stimulate sustainable development (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004). Therefore promotion of women entrepreneurship is vital for the achievement of b roader objectives including poverty reduction and economic development. A compulsory indicator to women entrepreneurship is that African leaders have pledged to take give voice responsibility for promoting the role of women in social and economic development by reinforcing their capacity in education and training, facilitating access to credit and assuring their participation in the political and economic life (NEPAD, 2001). The increased role of women in economic development has forced many governments to take an active role in developing policies on women development and gender related issues.Mueller and Dato-on (2010) stipulated that women play a significant role in entrepreneurship but their role remains suppressed in comparison to that of their male counterparts across the globe because of family roles, traditions , cultural and structural constraints which diminish their abilities to lead business (Bushell, 2012). Women bear the responsibility for child handle and homecare and as a result this leads to work-family conflicts (Das, 2001 and Jahanshashi, Pitamber and Nawaser, 2010 Winn, 2005). Chitsike (2000) also stated that men view womens role as that of being at home and not pleasing in any business activities that are reserved for men.One of the challenges that women face is unequal access to productive resources and services, including finance and skill upgrading opportunities (United Nations International Development Organization UNIDO, 2003 Tumbunan, 2009 Sorokhaibam and Laishram, 2003). In many African countries, women inequality lies in economic rights and access to resources as men persist thus preventing women from taking full advantage of the economic opportunities (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). Ulusay Degroot (2001) mentions that womens participation as owners of small medium size business has been constrained due to poor access to market information, technology and finance, poor linkages with support service and unfavourable policy and suppo rt mechanisms ( Ulusay De Groot, 2001). In Zimbabwe house servant chores and agricultural activities do not allow women time to travel to support institutions such as finance fellowships for advice and information on credit (Ulusay De Groot, 2001). In many African countries, women spend most of their income on the family line and hero-worship investing their funds in business ventures for fear of business failure (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009), particularly on food and education for their children. Many of them are afraid to invest their limited funds into a business for fear of failure.Many women entrepreneurs are seldom taken seriously in spheres of believability and capability, competing and succeeding in a male dominated environment (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009) and this is one of the factors that explain their relatively obscure role in economic development. Despite the fact that many women entrepreneurship is a source of job creation, economic growth and social development many wome n owned businesses remain stunted by lack of appropriate managerial skills, access to business resources, networking opportunities and access to fresh markets (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). The current institutional environment purposes to achieve gender equity but the traditional powers are tilted towards the patriarchal system and therefore maintains the view quo of gender inequity (Goheer, 2003).In Zimbabwe women have largely been marginalized from mainstream economic activities because of the frequent partriarchal system which confines women to domestic roles. 53% of all economic activities in Zimbabwe are performed by women but, this figure remains invisible because it is not accounted for in national statistics and most of the activities are characterized by poor working conditions. It is also worth mentioning at this stage that religion, culture and the socialization process are few of the major factors perpetuating gender inequity in Zimbabwe. This is evidenced by the fact th at under the current customary law, women cannot own/inherit land (Chitsike, 2000) and land is one of the resources that are important for entrepreneurial development.Research methodologyBaines and Wheelock (2000) mention that many women have ventured into entrepreneurship but little research has been do on gender and female entrepreneurship. The reasons behind increase of entrepreneurial variances arising out of gender remains unresolved is because women pure tone that by exposing these issues they deepen their entrepreneurial differences (Calas et.al. 2007 as cited in Peris-Ortiz, Rueda-Armengot and Benito Osorio, 2011). Studying women entrepreneurship is critical because it is an important source of economic prosperity and presently research efforts, policies and programs tend to be skewed towards men and neglect the needs of women entrepreneurs and potential women entrepreneurs (OECD, 2004). In the African context there are very few studies that have focused on female entrepr eneurship particularly in the tourism sector and therefore this research seeks to close this gap. In addition, Gelb (2001) states that this is due to lack of indigenous research, inadequate information and methodological constraints (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). Despite the increasing role, women entrepreneurship theory development and empirical evidence only offer a very blurry picture of women entrepreneurs (Tan, 2008). Subsequently, improved taking into custody of women entrepreneurs challenges is essential in order to assess their needs, and impart solutions to teething problems they encounter. Although there have been roughly studies of small businesses in Zimbabwe, none has provided rich soft info of female entrepreneurs (Mboko and Smith-Hunter, 2008) and this teach endeavors to contribute towards addressing this deficiency.This study is based on the small and medium business entrepreneurs in Zimbabwes Arts and Crafts industry in Masvingo and capital of Seychelles Falls. 10 women in Masvingo from Dzimbahwe Crafts and Art Center and 15 from un standardized Crafts Centers in capital of Seychelles Falls who were trading at Elephant Hills Hotel during the 37th ATA meeting between from 18-22 May 2012 were interviewed for this research. These towns are top tourism destinations in Zimbabwe and are home to reputable attractions which are The Great Zimbabwe and the capital of Seychelles Falls respectively.Interviews were conducted at Dzimbahwe Craft Center situated along the highway to Masvingo Town. For the effectiveness of the conversations, we had to bubble to the women while viewing the different artefacts they make. The conversations included negotiations over the products prices that made the interviewers sully about(prenominal) of the items to encourage the women to talk freely. The interview started with more general introductions, some business questions that included who makes the products, how (i.e. whether there is use of machines or just av erage hands), where, when and why the people do this business. The interviews also covered issues to do with any support the women received in terms of finance, human and material resources, considering and other business operational stadiums. In the process, we had to go to the extent of find the women doing the work like crocheting and weaving the mats, bed and table covers, fancify and decorating the wooden plates, basins and bowls while some were even carving the different items according to their area of specialization. This one day session took us roughly one and a half hours and we spent $30 to buy some items from the different women who added up to a total of 10 entrepreneurs.In Victoria Falls, we took the advantage of the 37th African Travel Association conference (ATA) that we attended from the 18th to the 22nd of May 2012 at Elephant Hills Hotel. Some selected male and female arts and crafts entrepreneurs from various selling centres of Victoria Falls were given the fortune by the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA) to come and sell their wares free of deplumate at the venue during the conference days. To promote the entrepreneurs, the ZTA had in their conference program a session for Meeting the African Culture when two mid-morning and good afternoon teas were being served at the grounds where the entrepreneurs were selling their products. This was a good opportunity for the conference delegates to meet and discuss with the sellers while at the same time viewing and buying the handicrafts. As researchers, we took advantage of this to involve out our study for 3 consecutive days.On the first day we toured the various stands just to view the items on display and we asked some few general questions like what we did in Masvingo. Some of the questions were most how they come to be part of the ATA conference and the benefits they were expecting from the conference. On the second day we got into in-depth interviews to get details of their operati ons, marketing, any support and helper from any institutions towards the success of their businesses. To probe for more information we were appreciating their achievements and sympathizing with their challenges as we were discussing with them during the tea breaks. For the other two days we had to share a table with some women during lunch time so that we could talk more. At propagation we had to sit together in the conference venue, commenting on what the presenters were saying about tourism entrepreneurship. One good example was a debate on the presentation done by a representative from the Zimbabwe Ministry of youth, Development, Indigenization and Empowerment.On the final and third day, we selected some of the artefacts to buy that included the bowls, the big five, basins, Zimbabwe bird (Shiri Hungwe) for Blessing, one of the researchers totem and other items. We spent $50 for the items and we left the women in a very happy mood. As a way of appreciating our concern for them some women gave us some of the items at very low prices and in return we influenced some of our colleagues to buy from them. The total of the interviewees was 25 women.Analysis and DiscussionThe demographic profile of Interviewed Women EntrepreneursTable 1 Geographical Location of the Women EntrepreneursRESEARCH AREApositionUrbanLOCATIONRuralMasvingo37Victoria Falls96According to.1 out of the 10 women who were interviewed in Masvingo, 7 were residing in the rural areas and only 3 were from the urban area. From the 15 interviewees in Victoria Falls, 9 were urban residents and only 6 were from the rural area. This data reflects that the handicraft business is done in both rural and urban settings provided there is favourable environment. In Masvingo the majority of entrepreneurs come from their rural homes that surround Nemanwa Arts and Craft center because operating from home reduces any renting costs that can be incurred. The few who stay in the urban area have their husbands work ing in the town and this business supplements their spouses income.In Victoria Falls the majority of women who are urban dwellers reported that they own houses in the town from the cooperative that was formulated by the Arts and Crafts business operators sometime in 1990. The remaining percentage constitutes those women who own homes in the peri-urban area of the town and are permanent residents of the area.Table 2 Age of Women Entrepreneurs get along GROUPNUMBERBelow 25 years226-30 years430-45 years1546-504Table 2 shows the family relationship between a womans age and entrepreneurship. The likelihood of a woman venturing into business positively increases with the 30 to 45 years age range have the greatest number of women entrepreneurs. Very few women below the age of 25 years want to get into this business probably because they are otiose to do the job or have better things to do.MotivationsWomen who are in art and craft business in Victoria Falls and Masvingo said that they are into this business because they grew up doing the weaving, knitting and pottery activities and to them they see it as a way of their living. In the yester years when tourism was still vivacious in Zimbabwe they could earn more than other people in some professions but as from 2004 to date the business has slowed down due to the economic crisis. These women admitted that they cannot go out of this business because they have no alternative means of survival since their environments are basically in the dry regions of the country. Therefore what is evident in what the women are saying is the fact that tourism fits very well in their livelihood strategies as a source of income. From the findings it emerged that the women are propel into employment by push factors such as unemployment, inadequate family income and the need to accommodate work and home roles as in the Zimbabwean scenario the womans place is the home. The same sentiments were echoed by Vijaya and Kamalanabhan (2009) an d Drine and Grach (2010) who reiterated that women are motivated by the desire to provide security for the family and flexibility that entrepreneurship offer between home and family roles.Access to pecuniary ResourcesThe women entrepreneurs in the arts and crafts industry revealed that their major challenge is their in handiness to both investment and operational capital since they have no personal assets to use as collateral which is a prerequisite at the financial institutions. If they happen to get the starting capital they may even face more challenges of getting adequate operational capital to meet their daily supplies of in the altogether materials such as reeds, steel wires, finishing oils, threads, wood, polishes and others to use for their business. At clock they may need transport to take their products to and from their homes for security reasons. If these people are operating from the designated sites the local councils would need the rentals every month for the upke ep of the places. The problem of lack of capital commonly arises from the fact that the enterprises are the major contributors to the survival of the family, and this puts a brake on efforts for improvement of womens enterprises in Zimbabwe (Ulusay Degroot, 2001).On the accessibility to capital, one woman at the ATA conference for Young Professionals in Victoria Falls narrated her ordeal of trying to get financial assistance from the Ministry of Indigenization and Youth Development that promotes indigenous entrepreneurs in the country. Grace said, When I went to the offices I was told to bring a range proposal. I prepared that at my own expense. by and by that they gave me a pile of forms to fill in whose other requirements i could not understand. As if that was not enough, I was told to wait for a response that never came to my attention and these people lie that they are supporting us financially. Another woman, Nyaradzo narrated that, The Ministry of Indigenization and Youth D evelopment, asked for a list of all entrepreneurs who needed financial assistance and the specific amounts requested and were handed to the ministry but nothing materialized. The ministry later on asked the women entrepreneurs to pay $20 per person for a weeks training in financial management. After paying the money nothing has been done since November 2011. She said Vanhu ava matsotsi anodakubira varombo, capital of Cuba basa nesu, (These people are conmen, who steal from the poor and they do not care about us). This is a major challenge for the women who are vulnerable to all sorts of financial risks in business. Most women also revealed that most financial institutions were not keen to finance their business initiatives. This negative attitude towards financing of women entrepreneurs is explained by the traditional patriarchal system division which spells out the differences of male-female roles in society as supported by Ozigbo and Ezeaku (2009).Protection of apt property right sA number of women entrepreneurs fall prey to political promises and business intermediaries. One woman who failed to get funding from the Ministry of Indigenization and Youth Development later discovered that her project was being implemented by one of the government officials in Victoria Falls. She had no voice over it. Because of this, many women in the sector feel betrayed and humiliated because of such practices. This rhymes the Shona proverbs that murombo haarovi chine nguwo (This literally means the poor depart never challenge the rich). It is important for women entrepreneurs to be well versed with their intellectual property rights so that they can challenge those who prey on their ideas in judiciary.Production and space-related challengesThe study has revealed that a number of Zimbabwean women who are arts and crafts entrepreneurs have no fixed place for their business operations as they are dotted from their homes, forest and some few designated arts and craft centres. T he designated centres have no permanent structures put in place but there are some temporary shades which are brought by the individuals from their homes. These offer no security at all as they are just open spaces for business and in addition one is subject to the harsh forces of the natural environment.Those who operate from the forests (source of raw materials) cite transportation problems as one of the challenges. For example, if a wood carver finds a good corner in the forest which is too big to carry home or at the designated area she has to work on it from there and then carry the finished products. These pose a lot of risks to the females since there are a lot of dangers associated with forestry environments.Storage space for the finished products is another problem for most women entrepreneurs. Most leave the products covered by some cloths or tents during the darkness in the presence of either a guard or unattended at owners risk. Lack of storage space puts the product s at risk of theft. The most special wares are taken back home daily which is a tiresome task for the females since most of them walk a distance of about 5 kilometres every day from their homes to the designated centres.Family rolesAt home there is usually a challenge of divided concentration between home chores and work and at home the working space is limited and not conducive for business operations. One woman (Maria) even expressed that, handingazosiyi mumba mune tsvina nekuda kwebasa (I cannot leave my house dirty because of work). Already this indicates how busy women entrepreneurs are with household and business responsibilities at any given time of their lives and this is a hindrance to effective business operations. In support, Ulusay De Groot (2001) posits that household roles deprive women of time to travel to enterprise support institutions or to attend training sessions to acquire skills in various fields. As long as womens responsibilities remain divided between work a nd domestic roles their contributions to economic development will remain obscure.Marketing operationsThere is a general belief that Zimbabwe arts and crafts are unique oecumenical and they are found in many countries these days in china besides the Americas which used to be the countrys chief tourism source market. These products have made Zimbabwe boast of its rich and unique cultureThe majority of women sell their products to the foreign tourists. Financial constraints make it difficult for the women to access regional and worldwide markets despite the high demand for the Zimbabwe art and craft in these markets. It was reported that in the past years when tourism was at peak (i.e. between 1990 and 1999) business was lucrative and there was no worry of exporting the products as buyers could come to the country and buy the products. During the period business was very lucrative. Masundire (2011) identified the need to assist arts and crafts producers to access foreign markets as 90% of their wares are in demand in Europe, America, Australia and South Africa.As a result of inaccessibility to foreign markets, there is now the emergence of market intermediaries popularly known as the cross boarder traders who buy and sell the products from arts and crafts producers in foreign markets. The major problem these intermediaries pose is that they dictation to buy the wares at a very low price at the expense o

Impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nigeria

Impact of un equivalent promote on the frugal maturation of NigeriaForeign att nullifying can be simply put to be a f kickoff of assistance which can take the form of funds, infrastructure, mountain receptiveness from high income countries to low income countries. The debate till date has been centred approximately the significance of this abet on the sparing developing of these countries. To a rotund extent, several vista fores pay off launchn a verificatory impact of contrasted aid on the frugal maturement of LDCs with the exception of a a couple of(prenominal) factors which whitethorn run into this arbitrary impact on fruit, while some polars wealthy person shown a negative impact on economic harvest of these LDCs. tally to sideburn and sawhorse (1997), the positive impact of irrelevant aid on yield in LDCs is subject to the province having good fiscal, mo dismissary and hand policies, thus, the introduction of economic policies into their econo mic equation. This was include, to see if aid was allocated to these countries in prefer of good policies. Durbarry et al (1998) argue that an important limitation of much of this writings is the incompleteness of the netherlying growth models, according to them, ir respective of the fact that Burnside and horse were among the first to take into account economic policies, they learn non been able to examine the impact of aid in general including besides aggregate nest egg and enthronization variables.Most of these look intoes have foundationd the modelling of their research on the neoclassical growth model such as the Solow growth model and the Ramsey-cass-koopmans growth model which suggests that poor countries should have a high return to seat of government and a fast growth count in transition to the steady state ( Burnside and Dollar, 1997). concord to Chenery and Strout (1966), in the case of a country seeking a transformation of its animated economy and hoping no t to rely on to a greater extent than advanced countries (i.e. international aid), such a country must be able to abut the necessary demands for her rapid growth from either her own resources or from her net exports.The case of foreign aid and economic growth has proven to be a continuous learning process, in that, while some studies base their findings on macro instructioneconomic factors such as economic policies, others have recommended the mapping of human rise being factors such as infant mortality, literacy, demeanor expectancy and employment level ( Burnside and Dollar 1997 Fayissa and El-Kaissy 1999). While the results of Durbarry et al (1998) accommodates the results of Burnside and Dollar (1997) which shows foreign aid to have a positive impact on growth where there is a good macroeconomic insurance environment, but with some exceptions which were based on income level, levels of aid parceling and geographical location. harmonise to him, aid has been tested econom etrically based on a macro and micro level, the results of some these tests by some researchers show that aid make waters at the micro level while at the macro level the results as ambiguous ( Durbarry et al, 1998). So far, most research have dwelt on macroeconomic factors as well as physical factors which in their opinions either shows that growth is fostered positively by aid or negatively by aid. One interesting contribution to the subject matter in question is the contribution by Douglas C. Dacy, which looked at foreign aid and economic growth from a totally divers(prenominal) point of view, his c all over aimed display the possibility of an aid receiving country having its post-aid growth rate to be rase than it would have been in a situation of not receiving aid under certain conditions.According to Dacy (1975), his report viewed the subject of foreign aid and economic growth with respect to use of goods and services on the side of the government as well as domestic s avings. Contrary to other researches, Dacy in his paper viewed foreign aid as a substitute for domestic savings, adage that there would not be an increment in total savings by the full amount of foreign savings. Thus, LDCs will increase consumption as well as investment if foreign aid is do available.Papanek (1973) in his paper, studied the kinship mingled with aid, savings, foreign investment and growth in thirty-four LDCs for the 1950s and fifty-one LDCs for the 1960s, applying cross-country regression analysis. Treating separately of these components as separate explanatory variables, he found out that over a third of GDP growth is explained b y domestic savings and foreign inflows. Also the act foreign aid has telling to other variables is considerably higher, his results akinly suggests no inverse blood in the midst of aid and foreign private investment as well as cover a non-correlation between growth and factors such as exports, education, country size or per cap ita income. Unlike Chenery and Strouts result which showed that Countrys size and per capita income has a positive relationship with growth, Papaneks result did not show such positive relationship as said earlier. This is because Papaneks work had savings as one of the indie variables and this was seen to be prodigiously correlated with per capita income.Concluding his paper, Papanek (1973), suggests from his results that foreign aid is distributed disproportionately to LDCs experiencing low savings rates as well as everlasting(a) balance of payments problems. And that this disproportionate aid has a more positive effect on growth than domestic savings and other sources of foreign inflows. Chenery and Strouts results be criticised by Papanek as not being very stable and in like manner in his results, foreign source of inflows atomic number 18 not disaggregated comp ard to the results of Papanek.Papanek (1973) and Burnside Dollar (2000) share similar opinions on the allocation of foreign aid to low income countries. As Papanek is of the view that foreign aid is disproportionately distributed to low income countries who are experiencing low savings rate. While Burnside and Dollar is of the view that though this is allocated to low income countries, it is also influenced by population, i.e. aid donors tend to allocate more aid to smaller countries in size within the Low Income Countries, and also there are variables that reflect their own strategies.Generally speaking, from researches done so far, it is evident that foreign aid has a positive relationship (or impact) on economic growth in LDCs. But this could show a different result when the countries are archetyped individually, such that, though aid whitethorn be positively related to economic growth based on some macroeconomic factors, it may also a negative relationship influenced by some other factors.According to Levy (1988), his paper aimed at showing some level of quantitative evidence on the impa ct of foreign aid on economic growth. This he showed using a sample of 22 Low Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of a few African countries which to him had their level of development similar to that of middle income countries. Using epoch series info for his analysis, Levy found two important things which is a positively significant relationship between aid, investment and economic growth in Africa. The second important finding is that there is a significant contribution by fixed capital formation to the rate of economic growth.Although the exclusion of some African countries which he classified as similar to middle income countries from his analysis seems questionable, Levys contribution to the subject matter is very significant. According to Burnside and Dollar (1997), most researches such as that of Levy (1988) and a few others who do an attempt to measure the impact of aid on domestic savings, investment and growth in developing countries, have had re sults which confront several econometric difficulties.Taking another close look at the work of Dacy (1975) which questioned the desirability of aid, according to him, even if aid is used in a way that contributes to a decline in the broad marge growth rate, it will almost always be true that the capital ancestry income and consumption will be higher at the end of the period of aid, and for a number of years afterward, than it would have been without aid. To this end he agrees with Papanek (1973) view which argues that the inverse relationship shown in most statistical research between domestic savings and foreign aid might be greatly misleading. This view is due to Papaneks objections from his observations from previous studies, thus, Papaneks results which show that there is a positive relationship between aid and economic growth as well as aid having an inverse relationship with domestic savings is largely accepted by Dacy.Durbarry et al (1998) in their paper made reference to the work of Hadjimicheal et al (1995) as being a more advanced piece of research compared to most of the researches before it. This is because of their effort to show the potential secondary effect of foreign aid such as the Dutch Disease as well as other policy related variables that are speculated to have an effect on growth.Ekanayake and chatrna (2010) in their paper, criticised the work of Karras (2006) which concluded that there is a positive statistically significant and persistent impact of foreign aid on economic growth. In which they gave a statistical analysis by per person result as well as the growth rate of historical GDP per capita, but in all this, they did not take into favor the effect of policies. According to the research carried out by Ekanayake and Chatrna (2010), their results showed mixed effects of foreign aid on economic growth in LDCs, their research was carried out using annual selective information on a group of 85 developing countries excision acros s continents. The models that were specified in their work were estimated using panel to the lowest degree squares estimation rule.Malik (2008) described the poverty of people in the poorest African Countries to be on the increase in spite of the many years of development assistance. According to him, there has remained a stagnant or declining real per capita income since the 1960s, thus the perturbing question is why could these countries not break the poverty trap despite receiving large inflows of foreign aid?. This question he sought to state using the co-integration analysis for six poorest African Countries, the results from this analysis showed the existence of a want run relationship between real GDP, aid and investment as a percentage of GP and trade openness. But showing the effect of foreign aid on growth, the result suggestd a long run negative relationship for most of these countries.Easterly (2003) went ahead in his paper to discuss the historical research on the relationship between foreign aid and Economic growth. This he did, citing the work of Burnside and Dollar as being an early research that was widely accepted by the World slang and economies of the world, and thus, created the platform for further research. According to Easterly (2003), data availability was one of the main limitations to having a conclusive and reasonable lit on the subject matter i.e. foreign aid and economic growth in the 1960s and onwards, as well as the reasonable personal line of credits on the specific factors and ways through which foreign aid can affect growth.In his paper, Easterly (2003) cited the paper by Boone (1996) as being noteworthy for its aim to address the issues of reverse causality through the introduction of semipolitical factors that determine aid, and thus, using them as instruments in addressing these problems. He also discussed the paper by Burnside and Dollar (2000) as being well cognize for addressing the disbelief shown by Boone a nd also the lack of agreement from previous studies.In another paper by Papanek (1972) titled The Effect of Aid and other Resource Transfers on Savings and Growth in Less highly-developed Countries, he analysed the recent challenge to past assumptions with respect to aid, savings and growth, where he termed some past literatures as Revisionists. His concern is based on their argument that the contribution to economic growth by foreign aid is short(p) or insignificant, in which a number of factors were taken into consideration to support this claim. He went further to expand their argument saying Aid may ease the lot of the recipient countrys citizens by permitting higher consumption which is considered loveable if the analysts humanitarian instincts outweigh his Calvinist conviction that people should struggle for their economic salvation, but does little for growth (Papanek, 1972).Amongst these, are other literatures done by several researchers in which different methods were i mplemented such as the Autoregressive Distributed incarcerate (ARDL) model used by Gounder (2001), in which his results showed a positive relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in Fiji. at that place has been other literatures that have also tried to show this relationship in individual countries, some have found a positive relationship but a long- run negative relationship using the Co-integration and phantasm correction analysis, while others found a co-integration between saving rate, real gross domestic produce and aid therefore showing a long-run positive effects (Murty et al, 1994 Nyoni, 1998).Taking a closer look at the problem of causality which Boone tried to address, Dacy (1975) concurs that the issue of causality is a tough knot to tie. He also suggests that the debate on if foreign aid contributes largely to economic growth is one that cannot be full decided, as there would be a need to take into consideration the response of individuals as well as grou ps. Such consideration includes checking if these individuals or groups behave in a certain way where there is an increase in aid compared to where there is no aid.From the above literatures and many more, it is provable that the issue of foreign aid and its impact on economic growth is inconclusive and is also a continuous learning process. Depending on the different types of data and methodology used in previous studies, several results have been achieved some depict positive and significant relationship while others indicate negative long-run relationships based on different factors. This paper in the next section would be using time series data and applying the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) as well as the co-integration method to see what impact foreign aid has on the economic growth of Nigeria.Section 3. Data and MethodologyIn testing for the impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nigeria, I am using annual time series data which has its period from 1960 2009 a nd which is gotten from World Bank World Development Indicators. Thus, the focus of this analysis is on Nigeria as a developing country and a recipient of aid from advanced countries which are known as donors. Due to the limited availability of data with respect to the proposed variables, the observations are 49 running from 1960-2009. The table below shows the variables that are included in this piece of work as well as the source they were gotten from shelve 1VariableUnitsourceGross Domestic productGrowth RateWorld BankForeign Direct investment fundsPercentage of GDPWorld BankTrade(Openness exports overconfident imports as a percentage of GDPPercentage of GDPWorld Bank state GrowthPer Cent (%)World BankNet ODA per capitaCurrent US$World BankMost of my variables were gotten from the work of Ekanayake and Chatrna (2010), where he used things like investment as proxy for growth rate of capital stock and also population growth as proxy for take force. This study also uses populatio n growth as a proxy for labour force as well as including trade to represent openness which as shown in the table above is made up of exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP. Net ODA per capita is a proxy for aid alongside Foreign Direct Investment, as earlier said, this study would be adopting the use of Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) for its analysis. To ensure that the study is academically robust, I will also be employing the use of co-integration tests, to check the long run relationship between Foreign aid and Economic growth in Nigeria.

Principle of Non-maleficence Violation: Case Study

regulation of Non-maleficence Violation Case StudyIntroductionPakistan is a developing verdant with 184 million universes majority of people is living in rural areas, where literacy stride is very low. The burden of Chronic colorful disease (CLD) is increasing daylight by day collectable to measly compliance to preventive measures. fit to Qureshi, Bile, Jooma, Alam and Afridi (2010) the burden of hepatitis B and C is increasing in general population and it is currently 7.6%. High prevalence of hepatitis B and C provide each(prenominal)ow for in increased incidence of CLD. Quality of life among CLD uncomplainings is very poor and the only option for them is springyr graftation. Unlike liver-colored engraftation nephritic transplantation started early in 1985, currently facility is available twain in popular and private infirmary across the untaught. On separate hand very few liver transplantation were performed in the country despite the fact that every year 10, 000 people die due to CLD (Ali, Qureshi, Jilani, Zehra 2013). The liver transplant hurl was initiated in 2011 at Pakistan Institute of aesculapian sciences under special instruction from prime minister of Pakistan. The purpose of this project was to provide liver transplant facility in the country on affordable cost.Scenario32 years old male having three children diagnosed with CLD, was operated liver transplantation in public sector infirmary. The liver was taken from live donor 28 years old wife of the long-suffering. On tertiary post op day the enduring start severe bleeding with tachycardia and hypotension. enduring become unconscious and was rushed to operation room (OR). Meanwhile persevering crashed and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) started. After 6 hours of CPR patient cardiac exertion was resumed, but still bleeding from drain and body orifices. Patient was on high inotropic maintenance and back to back transfusion of pedigree and blood product to maintain hemoglobin and platelet of patient. Later on patient expired and his wife remain in hospital till her recuperation Analysis of estimable issueThe social function was performed without enough resources and commandment of non-maleficence was violated. The hospital guidance and transplant team were responsible for the malpractice. They assured the patient and his family that the hospital has cutting age technology, expert human resource and outstanding real(a) resource comparable with other advance liver transplant meaning in the developed countries. But in reality the propment was worsened with no training of health sustentation staff, three bedded intense tending unit (ICU) without isolation, and small operation theater with poor contagion control measures. Lack of standard laboratory without computerization increases the misfortunes of liver transplant philia. In short these facilities were not sufficient for much(prenominal) advance direct surgery which risks the life of donor as well recipient. These leads to negligence and malpractice on part of hospital management and liver transplant team which cabbage the question in mind that Is this ethical to perform liver transplant in limited human as well corporeal resources.? The ethical principle of justice non-maleficence and virtue of veracity are violated. Moreover, the act of hospital management and transplant team were against the theory of deontology. check to news in media initially a memorandum was signed between the hospital and munificent Free Hospital, London but later on after reappraisal of infrastructure and human resource they refused to perform much(prenominal) complicated procedure in this facility (Wasif, 2012). Although government provided 200 million PKR to build severalize of the art facility in capital city of Pakistan but these long amounts were wasted and golden opportunity of liver transplant in public sector hospital was misused.Ethical principle violated in te rmination making to perform liver transplantMy preposition is that without adequate expertise and material as well as human resource performing such intricate surgery is not justifiable and against the ethical principles.While performing their duties health precaution professionals must adhere to ethical principle and rules. either br from each one or violation of these principles may lead to malpractice and negligence. The patient self-reliance on health care professionals and believe that they will apply their experience and skills to provide benefit to patient. Similarly, harmonise to Hippocratic pledge health care professionals will abstain their self from defameful and mischievous act (Markel, 2004). agreement of non-maleficence not only include to avoid harm but in addition not to impose risk of harm (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). In the above situation the health care workers lack decorous training, skills and material resources to perform such sophisticated proced ure. Moreover the professional standards were violated which determine due care in such situation and risk of harm was inflicted on patient. The hospital management and liver transplant team act negligently and harm the patient, his family and specially his wife.Hospital management and transplant team stanceThe health care team stance was to maximize the benefit and happiness to the society. They support their position using act utilitarianism for the greater happiness of greater make out of people. harmonise to act-utilitarianism an act is right if it produces consequences like any other carry through available to the agent (barns, 1971). The hospital management and transplant team argued that patient was known case of CLD with complication and no other alternative, So according to act-utilitarianism our action is justified and if successful this center will provide care to thousands CLD patients waiting for miracle in the country. Our intention was good and according to Islami c principle of ethics actions are judged according to intention. One of the saying of Prophet Muhammad placidity be upon him the reward of deeds depends upon the intentions and every person will attract the reward according to what he has intended. (Bukhari 1).Justification of my stance using deontologyTo unblock my position, I will refer to famous philosopher Emanuel Kant and his theory of deontology. I According to Emanuel Kant action are not justified on basis of consequences, quite a they should be judged independently of its outcome (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). If we judge the action of hospital management and liver transplant team independently of its outcome we came to result that action was performed without enough evidence which harm the patient and against the basic principle of ethics. According to Nathaniel and Burkhardt (2008) deontology stresses that individual must fulfill their compact and in the above scenario the obligation to do no harm and provide benefi cence was violated. Furthermore star principle of Islamic ethics is certainty which mean evidence establish practice (Mustafa, 2013) this principle of certainty was violated as performing liver transplantation without standard human and material resource, which is against the evidence base practice.Consequences of playing on my PositionIf the hospital management started this project after enamor training for different professionals along with good infrastructure equipped with current equipment and according to international standards, then the consequences will be different for patient me and other staff. The patient life could be saved and new patients will be enrolled for transplantation. The other staff will remain in the center providing care to liver transplant patients. I myself will be in that location taking care of patient and contributing towards the betterment of community and grand money will be utilized in appropriate place according to the need of public.Recommen dationOn basis of above scenario and analysis, I am going to put forward some suggestions to stakeholders. First of all such sophisticated project must be plan and each and every step should be taken according to plan. The second is hiring of proper and competent professional these professionals include doctors, nurses, technicians, laboratory, and radiology staff. Training for these professionals should be consistent in leading liver transplant center of the world. The third is that all the units including ICU, OR, laboratory, radiology and pharmacy should be under one roof preferably in separate building and equipped with contemporary instruments. Moreover these units should be connected with each other through computer and internet.

Biosensors Development for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

Biosensors Development for atomic number 1 Peroxide DetectionAn go on towards clinical diagnosis.1. IntroductionThe molecular atomic number 8 is the basic source of vim for aerobic systems. Its consumption by the reinforcement systems produces the radical such as superoxide anion (O2). This is a amplyly oxidizable toxic radical and is affect in numerous pathologies. The toxicity of the triplet oxygen is prevented by the link of enzymes. A real paradox is that heat content peroxide and superoxide ion acquire to be present in the living systems but their concentrations ca-ca to be controlled precisely so that they persist only for a short item in electric kiosks. atomic number 1 peroxide belongs to a class of non-radicals excited oxygen species 1, 2. It is an classical intermediate species in many biologic and environmental processes. More everyplace, H2O2 which is cognize as a cell killer due to its oxidizing power is mandatory as a substrate for many enzymes. It has been sh hold to be present in the atmospheric and hydrospheric environments 3, 4. H2O2 is a major reactive oxygen species in living organisms, better known for its cytotoxic effects and it similarly plays an important bureau as a second messenger in cellular presage transduction. Oxidative damages resulting from the cellular imbalance of H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species are related to aging and severe human diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular disorders. 5, 6 Furthermore, H2O2 is one of the products of reactions mediated by almost all oxidases. 7 H2O2 is generated in response to various stimuli, including cytokines and growth factors and is also involved in regulation diverse biological processes from immune cell activating and vascular remodeling in mammals 8 to stomatal closure and root growth in plants9. In unicellular organisms an important response to the make upd levels of H2O2 is the increased production of antioxidants and repair proteins to render adap tation to these aerobic conditions10. Most biological sources of H2O2 involve in the willing or catalytic breakdown of superoxide anions, produced by the partial reduction of oxygen during aerobic respiration and following the exposure of cells to a innovation of material, chemical and biological agents. As for example, activation of NADPH oxidase complexes generate superoxide and then the H2O2.2. A brief outlook of the hydrogen peroxide assaysUnlike other reactive oxygen species H2O2 (a mild reducing and oxidizing agent) needs an initiator for the activation by the transitional admixture or enzymes. This robust chemical diagnostic of H2O2 made the assay quite an difficult in the quantification compared to its other reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical radical, singlet oxygen, peroxyl radical, and such others. Methods utile for its assay include ultra-violet, infrared, Raman scattering, ESR, electro analytic techniques, metal-H2O2 complexes, enzym e mediated reactions, nanotechnogy, flow injection abstract, and biosensors.2.1 uninflected methods based on the physical propertiesNumerous methods have been reported in the literature for the quantification of H2O2 based on its physical properties. These include electrochemical, optical thermal, ultrasonic, chromatographic methods and cumulation spectra 11. The uninflected methods based on its physical properties are rather restricted due to its relatively poor robustness and sensibility for biomedical application. Methods assessible for the enzyme assay techniques includeSynthetic labeled substrates including fluorogenic and chromogenic substratesIsotopically labeled substratesFluorescence Resonance life force Transfer (FRET) substratesSubstrates with fluorescent labels with indirect detectionElectrochemical assaysChemiluminiscence assaysBioluminescent assays draw spectroscopyNanotechnologyEnzyme immobilization techniquesFor the development of analytic techniques and meth ods for the hydrogen peroxide assays, analytical chemists play a crucial role as they are in the first place devoted to the development of methodologies or have been too much bear on with the analysis of isolated targeted material.2.2 Quantification based on the electrochemical biosensorThe modern excogitation of biosensors is a rapidly expanding field of instruments to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest since the invention by Clark and lyons in 1962. Electrochemical biosensors are the analytical devices that detect biochemical and physiological changes. Early techniques of biosensors in the analysis of chemical and biological species involved reactions that took place in a reply in addition to catalysts and samples. In recent years, however the biosensor techniques have provided alternative systems that allowed the reactions without reagents to number place at a surface of an electrode. The immobilization techniques include ph ysical adsorption, cross-linking, entrapment, covalent-bond or sometimes combination of all the techniques.Inter internal StatusAs it has been mentioned in the introduction of the marriage proposal, a tremendous burst in seek activities in the field of hydrogen peroxide measurement has increased all over understanding about its role. Over the last few years, studies have suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the regulation of hematopoietic cell homeostasis.12 The propagation of H2O2 is increased in response to various stresses, in which earlier exposure to one stress can induce tolerance of posterior exposure to the same or different stresses. 13 Oxidative stress is an important cause of cell damage associated with the initiation of many diseases.14 It is also investigated that waver injury due to free radical liberated by H2O2 during oxidative stress is the heart of periodontal diseases. 15 umpteen research papers describes that high levels of H2O2 is cytotoxic to a wide range of animal, plant and bacterial cells. heat content peroxide has the ability to penetrate the cell membrane and form the hydroxyl radical OH. which is capable of causing high levels of DNA damage. 16 Evidences show that increase in the cellular levels of H2O2 play a major role presently or indirectly in sensitizing cancer cells to H2O2-induced cell death. Indeed, there is a growing literature showing that H2O2 can be apply as an inter- and intra-cellular signalling molecule. 17National statusA tremendous growth is pickings place in exploitation hydrogen peroxide biosensor all over the world and also in India. As per the Indian scenario, different national research institutes and private companies have been working in this field. NPL, CEERI Pilani, IISC, IIT, Bengal Engineering and acquirement University and many more national institutes are working on this. Many of the private sectors like Biosensor Interventional technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd,Clearly a major obsta cles in analyze the roles of hydrogen peroxide has been the lack of widely easy specific tools and methodologiesObjectivesThe unscathed idea of the project is to develop a current ultra exquisite reagent, versatile, non-carcinogenic easily available so that there are no earlier reports.The proposal of vernal reagents for enzyme peroxidase based hydrogen peroxide assay.Principal investigator is interested to have an extensive catch over the kinetic assay by developing new kinetic equations by controlling different parameters such as pH, effect of co-substrate concentration etc.,(iv) MethodologyThe simple oxidative reaction of the H2O2 in the presence of enzyme can be explored by converting the co-substrates into optically detectable product. This includes a variety of oxidizing reagents based on the oxidative property of metals such as Co(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), and other metal ion catalysts. The assay based on simple oxidization comprises the optical methods such as spectrophoto metry, spectroflurimetry, and chemiluminiscence. To overcome the relatively poor sensitivity and selectivity of the optical methods described below, peroxidase or metal porphyrins can be introduced to kindle the sensitivity of specific H2O2 detection. It is based on the specific H2O2 reaction with hydrogen donors on the catalysis of peroxidase or metal porphyrins, instead of oxidizing reagents. These optical methods of analysis are sensitive to the extent of micromolar and nanomolar H2O2 concentrations.As one of the most sensitive optical methods, chemiluminiscence is based on the reaction of luminol with H2O2 in basic solution in the presence of metal ions such as Fe(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and other metal ion catalysts 7. Further chemiluminiscent methods were developed by the use of different oxidizing agents such as KIO4-K2CO3 8. Also attempts were made for the enhancement of chemuminiscent reaction by the use of p-iodopenol 9, money nanoparticles 10, chitosan 11, resin 12 and DNAz yme 13.Alternatively, fluorescent quantification has been applied to H2O2 based on the oxidation 14. The generation of oxidized form can be measured by the fluorescent probes such as p-(hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 15, - Cyclodextrin (CD)hemin 16, N,N-dicyanomethyl-o-phenylenediamine- hemin 17, Rhodamine B hydrazide-iron(III)-tetrasulfonatophthalocyanine 18, resorcinolphthalein hydrazide 19, Haemin-L-tyrosine 20, Fluorescin 21, and ninhydrin 22. Another approach was mainly based on the ROS fluorogenic reaction, which generally involves organization of oxidized forms which are highly fluorescent products 23-26.There are also many spectrophotometric methods for the assay of H2O2 which are based on the oxidation and governing body of the colored product. The spectrophotometry involves the methods based on guaiacol 27, 4-amino-5-(p-aminophenyl)-1-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrazol-3-one (DAP) N-ethyl-N-sulpho- propylaniline sodium salt (ALPS) 28, Phenol-AAP 29, Photofenton reaction-metavanadate 3 0, Fenton reaction 31, Pyrocatecol-aniline 32, H2O2-molybdate 33, Naphthalene-Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase 34, and phenol red-HRP 35. The sensitivity of these optical methods can be further enhanced by the involvement of sequential flow injection analysis system. Principal investigator is interested to carry out modest research for the development of newer analytical procedures for the enzyme based substrate assay.Implementation of the project proposal involves of developing new reagents for the assay of peroxidase involving the use of amine, phenol related co-substrate assay for peroxidase. The main proposal of the research work will be dealt with alternative reagents to guaiacol, benzidine which are having it own disadvantages such as solubility in water, carcinogenic, economic viability.References1 C.L. Murrant, M.B. Reid, Detection of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in skeletal muscle, Microscopy Research and Technique, 55 (2001) 236-248.2 M.P. Fink, Role of react ive oxygen and nitrogen species in acute respiratory distress syndrome, Current tactual sensation in Critical Care, 8 (2002) 6-11.3 D. Price, P.J. Worsfold, R.F. C. Mantoura, enthalpy peroxide in the marine environment cycling and methods of analysis, TrAC Trends in analytical Chemistry, 11 (1992) 379-384.4 J.M. Anglada, P. Aplincourt, J.M. Bofill, D. Cremer, Atmospheric Formation of OH Radicals and H2O2 from Alkene Ozonolysis under Humid Conditions, ChemPhysChem, 3 (2002) 215-221.5 M.C.Y. Chang, A. Pralle, E.Y. Isacoff, C.J. Chang, A Selective, Cell-Permeable Optical Probe for Hydrogen Peroxide in liveness Cells, diary of the American Chemical Society, 126 (2004) 15392-15393.6 E.W. Miller, A.E. Albers, A. Pralle, E.Y. Isacoff, C.J. Chang, Boronate-Based Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Cellular Hydrogen Peroxide, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127 (2005) 16652-16659.7 D.A. Abramowicz, C.R. Keese, Enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving diphenyl carbonate, in, Google Patent s, 1990.8 M. Geiszt, T.L. Leto, The Nox Family of NAD(P)H Oxidases Host Defense and Beyond, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (2004) 51715-51718.9 C. Laloi, K. Apel, A. Danon, Reactive oxygen signalling the latest news, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7 (2004) 323-328.10 D.J. Jamieson, Oxidative stress responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yeast, 14 (1998) 1511-1527.11 D. Harms, H. Luftmann, F.K. Muller, B. Krebs, U. Karst, Selective determination of hydrogen peroxide by adduct system with a dinuclear iron(iii) complex and flow injection analysis/tandem mass spectrometry, Analyst, 127 (2002) 1410-1412.12 A. Nogueira-Pedro, T.A.M. Cesario, C. Dias, C.S.T. Origassa, L.P.M. Eca, E. Paredes-Gamero, A. Ferreira, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces leukemic but not normal hematopoietic cell death in a dose-dependent manner, Cancer Cell International, 13 (2013) 123.13 B. Halliwell, M.V. Clement, L.H. Long, Hydrogen peroxide in the human body, FEBS Letters, 486 (2000) 10-13.14 E.A. Veal, A.M. Day, B.A. Morgan, Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and Signaling, molecular(a) Cell, 26 (2007) 1-14.15 A. Mendi, B. Aslm, Antioxidant Lactobacilli Could Protect Gingival Fibroblasts Against Hydrogen Peroxide A front In Vitro Study, Probiotics Antimicro. Prot., (2014) 1-8.16 B. Halliwell, J.M.C. Gutteridge, Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biota and medicine Some problems and concepts, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 246 (1986) 501-514.17 S. Neill, R. Desikan, J. Hancock, Hydrogen peroxide signalling, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5 (2002) 388-395.

Service User Participation Case Study

serving user Participation Case postulateIntroductionThis paper leave lead almost aspects of user and c ber federation in theory and practice in relation to the case of a seventy two year old man named Harold.Different Levels of Service User ParticipationService user constituenticipation is an integral part of genial diddle practice and stems from the concept of the empowerment of improvement users.1 This ranges from reference point on an individual(a) levelto user control and management of dole out (Carr, 2005, p.14). Service user alliance is a principle that is quite oft cartridge look intoers embarrassing to put into practice, although new initiatives such as Direct Payments which brook receipts users to choose and pay for the run they want go some bearing to alleviating this, in the case of a somebody such as Harold, who has complex requisites, this is non al demeanors straightforward. There are power implications in the relationship between serving users and social work professionals, and this makes it hard for valueer users to k right off whether their resides are be lendn seriously.2 This is even more toughened in situations where the soul concerned does non appear to beget each interest in what happens to them and this is discussed without reference to the benefit user as appears to be happening with Harold.Harold has told his sons that he houset be b separateed to recrudesce washed or cook a meal The sons have recently spoken with the day perfume manager about their concerns regarding their father he is spending most of his time in bed, and he is not have regularly he sometimes seems to be s blowsyly confused and distant.It is difficult to assess how far user participation talent apply to Harold below these circumstances he no longer wants to answer the day centre and is not looking after himself so it is difficult to know whether he would be subject to be call ford at any objective level in an sound ju dgment of his needs. This case does provide a plight for social workers on the one hand they have a certificate of indebtedness of care, and also in terms of good practice, to take into account what the returns user actually wants for him/herself. Service user participation oft takes spotlight in groups so that the service user does not feel overwhelmed by professional social occasion, but this does not seem to be an option in Harolds case. He sometimes gets confused and he also prefers to be on his own. If, on the other hand, the day centre manager and the other professionals (social worker, a Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, and a Community Psychiatric Nurse) problematic with Harold take too much notice of the sons then they could be addressing their needs quite than Harolds and it is difficult to see what level of service user participation would be applic adapted in Harolds case.An Approach to Service User EmpowermentHarold does not object to people coming to th e house and by chance user participation for Harold might stovepipe be achieved through the go of an sanction who could present Harolds views in the surmount light. As a group older people can be disadvantaged and it is often forgotten that they are people who are as authorise to be treated with respect and consideration as are other groups. Since the mid-sixties thither has been a growing movement in Britain which has come to be known as advocacy. Advocacy involves speaking on behalf of someone, it is an attempt to enable and empower people who might otherwise be disadvantaged. An promote is there to promote the interests and views of the person they are speaking for. Dunning (2005) maintains that there are a number of stages in peoples lives (particularly those of older people) when advocacy should be a requirement, and especially if there is..a decline in physical and noetic health, sensory impairment and the need for health and social service (Dunning, 2005, p.10).This i s a clear description of how things are in Harolds case, he loses his way around the local shops and his GP has recently diagnosed that Harold has Parkinsons Disease. Harold is becoming increasingly divorced from reality he acts as though his dead wife is still in the house with him and is unaware of the professional concern and considered involvement in his case. Under these circumstances it would seem clear that Harold is in need of someone who will act in his best interests and speak on his behalf if he is to have any control over his own future. An advocate would, hopefully, be able to establish what Harold should be asking for and what he might be entitled to in terms of services and support. Whether Harold would be empower by knowing what is on offer is difficult to assess because of his proclivity to become confused, but an advocate could make a case for the occurrence that Harold wants to stay in his own home and this would alleviate any fears he has of residential care. Quinn (2003) is of the opinion that information and advocacy are themselves services and can be the building blocks of enabling older people to receive the services they require (Quinn, 2003, p.3). The team mentioned above have all received referrals for Harold, an advocate would try to elicit what Harold really wanted and convey this to the team so that his wishes are made known, and as far as possible, catered for. In this way an advocate would give Harold a voice and thereby empower him.Factors that support and Limit Service User Involvement in Decision makingOngoing debate on the needs and rights of older people highlighting the fact that while there has been a move to ensure individuals rights to equality of service, older people may still baptistery discrimination. Under these circumstances it is vital that factors relating to power im eternal sleeps between service users and professionals be acknowledged. It is only with this acknowledgement that the parties can then work together to at least lessen those factors that contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of some service users (Carr, 2004). These factors might include a tendency of some professionals to ignore service users views or to at least misinterpret them so that rather than being enabled service user participation can result in service users feeling further disempowered. Institutional barriers need to be overcome, as does a continuing use of professional jargon which can also serve to exclude service users from the decision making process. Carrs (2004) research strand that service users often cited language gaps as a disempowering and exclusionary factor, however, once this was brought to light most professionals were more than happy to try to modify their language in order to encourage greater service user participation. Research tends to suggest, and Harolds situation is a case in point, that greater and more sound service user participation cannot be achieved in a unitary way. There is a need for different models and levels of participation depending on the service users circumstances. Some service users will be so empowered by participation that they will go on to be involved in how services are delivered, still others are not able to be truly involved at any identifiable level without the intervention of a 3rd person. Thus advocacy is an primal element of lower levels of service user participation. An advocate can help to empower people in Harolds situation because service users will then have someone who is impartial, who can inform them as to what is unattached in terms of services and support and who will promote their best interests among other professionals and make sure that their wishes are made known.Harold, for example wishes to rest in his own home, he does not want to attend a day centre, neither does he want to go into residential care. Carr (2004) notes that the service user movement has been instrumental in promoting the rights of pe oples entitlement to as ordinary way of life as is possible.Working with Service Users and Carers in an honourable and Anti-Oppressive MannerSociety often views old people as of little use because they no longer contribute to society in the same way as when they were younger and at the same time they are greater consumers of health and welfare services (Moore, 2002). Clearly it is not always easy working with older people because they may have multiple and complex needs, nevertheless under the 1998 Human Rights Act, they are entitled to be treated with dignity and local authorities have a duty to abide by the requirements of this Act. Any move to force a person like Harold to attend a day centre when he clearly does not want to is arguably not good practice. In order to deal with a person like Harold in an ethical and anti-oppressive manner it is vital that he is listened to. If his confusion makes this difficult then again, this is where the services of an advocate could play a vi tal berth. An advocate would be able to see that Harolds voice was heard they would also be able to express the concerns of his family. Harold may not be aware how concerned his sons are, he needs to be informed of their concerns but this does not mean that their concern for him should take precedence over his own desire not to attend day centres or to go into residential care. The professionals involved with Harold should not be persuaded by the arguments of his family because this could result in oppressive practice. Anti-oppressive and ethical practice has to consider the rights and needs of the service user as prior to the concerns of those close to him. Ethical and effective social work should involve a thorough assessment of Harolds needs and a care package that takes his health and his wishes into account. It should be tailored to suit his individual needs and there should be board for changes and adjustments if the care package is not to become an imposition (Kerr et al, 2 005). Where a person is not fully cognisant of what is happening then anti-oppressive practice should involve the use of an entirely free advocate. This would be advisable in Harolds case where there could be a conflict of interests between what his family wants for him and what he wants for himself, or what the care team may consider is best for him. An independent advocate would be the best way of ensuring that the team were consistently careful of the need to engage in ethical and anti-oppressive practice. This is often achieved by those involved being reflective in their dealings with service users.How Reflective normal Informs tender Work traffic patternIn the contemporary climate social workers are often faced with a conflict of interests between bureaucratic requirements and targets and the needs of their nodes. This is unfortunate because it negates the claim that effective social work is client centred, Schonn (1991) has argued thatProfessionals claim to contribute to social well-being, put their clients needs ahead of their own, and hold themselves accountable to standards of competence and morality. But both popular and scholarly critics shoot the professions of serving themselves at the expense of their clients, ignoring their obligation to public service, and failing to jurisprudence themselves effectively (Schon, 199111-12).When people reflect on what they are doing then they are more inclined to recognise peoples individual expense and therefore to act in an ethical manner, one that works towards the best interests of the client. Ruch (2002) maintains that reflexive practice results in a deeper understanding of a persons self and the role it has in professional practice it makes them more open to new and different ways of working and thus it is now becoming an integral part of social work practice. In Harolds case a reflexive practitioner may find it easier to balance the conflict of interests between Harold and his sons and with the he lp of an advocate empower Harold in his role as service user.BibliographyCarr, S. 2004 Has Service User Participation make a Difference to Social Care Services? London, SCIEDepartment of wellness (2002b) information Strategy for Older raft (ISOP)in England. London Department of HealthDunning, A. 2005 Information, Advice and Advocacy for Older quite a little York, Joseph Rowntree Foundationhttp//www.assoc-optometrists.org/uploaded_files/nsf-olderpersons.pdfJordan, B (2000) Tough grappleImplementing New Labours Programme social work and the third way (London Sage).Kerr, Gordon, Macdonald and Stalker 2005 Effective Social Work with Older PeopleMoore, S. 2002 3rd Edition Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson ThornesQuinn, A., Snowling, A. and Denicolo, P. (2003) Older Peoples PerspectivesDevising Information, Advice and Advocacy Services. York JosephRowntree FoundationRuch, G. 2000 Self and social work Towards an integrated model of learning Journal of Social Work Practice Volume 1 4, no. 2 November 1st 2000Schon, D. 1991 The Reflective Practitioner How Professionals remember in Action Ashgate Publishing, Aveburywww.scie.org.uk/publications/leadingpractice/files/scie_9%2520service%2520user.ppt+SERVICE+ exploiter+PARTICIPATION accessed 27/4/06http//www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp03.asp Has Service User Participation Made a Difference to Social Care Services accessed 27/4/0611 www.scie.org.uk/publications/leadingpractice/files/scie_9%2520service%2520user.ppt+SERVICE+USER+PARTICIPATION accessed 27/4/062 http//www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp03.asp Has Service User Participation Made a Difference to Social Care Services accessed 27/4/06

Blood Justice :: essays research papers

How would you like to be accused of a offence and indeed be disenfranchised because of your race? Well this is what happened to Mark Charles Parker because he allegedly bollocksd June Walters a pregnant smock woman on February 23 1959. In Howard Smeads historical nonfiction book short letter Justice he describes one of the most important investigations of a racist, move crime in the history of the United States.Blood Justice is about the killing of Mark Charles Parker and the investigation after his death. Mark Charles Parker was accused of the rape of June Walters whichOccurred on March 1, 1959. R. Jess chocolate-brown a well-known African American lawyer represented Parker. On April 13th an all white potassium control panel indited Parker for rape and two counts of kidnapping. On April 17th Parker pleaded not disgraced to each charge. Next Parkers trial date was set for April 27th. thus Brown asked Judge Sebe Dales to drop the case because a black man was not on the gr and jury. Brown did this because of a recent ruling made by the 5th U.S. circuit accost of Appeals. The ruling stated that it was unconstitutional for a jury of an all white people to convict a black man. The ruling went on to swan that one African American had to be on a jury when an African American was on trial. This defense tactic by Brown was a legally intelligent thing to do but this in truth became the motive for the mob to kill Parker. On Friday April 24th J.P. Walker, Preacher Lee, Crip Reyer and L.C. Davis got into Reyers Oldsmobile and they took off on a mission to kill Mark Charles Parker. (3 other cars of men followed) They went to the courthouse/jail in Poplarville and they could not get in. So they went to jewel Alfords House (The jail keeper) to get the keys to the Jail. Alford went with the four men to the courthouse. When he got there he went in and down the hall to Sheriff Moodys office and got the keys to the jail. He opened the door to the jail and Lee, Reye r, Davis, Walker followed Alford into the jail. Alford then opened Parkers cell and Lee and Davis pulled Parker out of the jail and courthouse to the Reyers Oldsmobile. Alford then left field and the men got into the car. The Oldsmobile sped away and the other cars followed.

Comparing James Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Ligh

Comparing pack Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted interjectAs divergent as crowd together Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place are in style, they handle some of the same themes. Both stories explore hope, anguish, faith, and despair. While Araby depicts a youth world set up for his first great disappointment, and A Clean, Well-Lighted Place shows two older men who have long ago settled for despair, both stories use a number of analogous symbols, and lap over each other thematically.At the beginning of Araby, the narrator describes the streets lamps as lifting their game lanterns towards an ever-changing violet sky (227). The colour violet is both forbidding and rich. The sky, this deep, mysterious colour, and always mutating, suggests the expanse of unknown beyond mortal experience. The rickety lights which fail to lick the lowest tufts of cloud resemble the people who insure out into the fog of un reparteeable questions who c an never hope to date anything only if the shapes one reads in, like hillside skywatchers.The narrators part goes around looking up. counterbalance at Mangans sister from the shadow, from the floor, and from the subordinate position of an admirer. Then, more metaphorically, he looks up to an image hes built for himself an expectation of beauty and treasures an enthusiastic hope or hopeful enthusiasm that his pilgrimage to Araby will yield him if not the dish out (to the question which manifests as a nameless longing), then the key to the answer. This answer is represented by Mangans sister (whose name is not mentioned, as with the Hebraic G-d), whom the boy hopes to access through the gesture of his quest.1 At the end, the boy looks up again, like the l... ...othing in it. Hemingways old man walks away from the bar with dignity, but with hope long vanished. The older waiter, another faithless man, is resigned to nothingness. His mockery of Christian prayer is not angry, but s poken with a smile and a sigh. However, as indicated by his insomnia, Nada is a cold bedfellow. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Kirszner and Mandell 233. Joyce, James. Araby. Kirszner and Mandell 226. Kirszner, Laurie, and Stephen Mandell, eds. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Compact Fourth Edition. New York Harcourt College Publishers, 2000. 1This character may also stand as a sexual symbol. The bauble she handles when she speaks of the convent may suggest that she is shackled to Catholic prudery. In any case, she tranquilize stands as the desired, physically or metaphysically.

Importance Of Priority In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Importance of Priority in Todays SocietyIn todays federation it is of the ultimate importance to keep self-discipline as a major priority. Right now we may non realize it, unless we argon notliving in a perfect order on this planet. But perfect is not the answer forour world, as it seems implausible. Rather, we argon trying to work out into theopposite direction and not match chaos.     Think of what would happen, if we all took the responsibility to keepour self disciplined and suddenly focused in trying to do the best we could. Ourworld would not suffer the many consequences we suffer now. For example, if wedecided to peaceful with other nations, and unploughed respect and peace with everyone.The prevention of mayhem, chaos and revolution will not only when come one day like aninvisible epidermis trying to prevent this view from happening. What needs tohappen is, every soulfulness on this earth out of the many billions that there are,needs to take for responsibility of his/her actions.     Chaos, mayhem, disturbance, turmoil, pandemonium, uproar. Is this whatwe want in our world today? Although people are afraid to say it, it is obviousthat if we all do not view before we do things, these events that I describedcould occur in the devout future.     Many people are in belief that chaos, mayhem, and even anarchy will notoccur in their lifetimes. And most possibly what they compute is true, but theydont show helpfulness towards they younger generations. By making a strikingpothole, it may be very difficult to fill it. By ruining the world today, itseems as if we are striving to mayhem. In our society we are not working tohelp other people and just help ourselves. If we all worked together, and notthought so much slightly ourselves we would therefore show that we can work as alarge family or community, thus helping us realize what drastic situation we arein.     Mic hael Jackson states in one of his songs " Heel the world, make it abetter place, for you and for me and the entire human race." The only way wecould actually take on this statement is to be self-disciplined in what we do.Prevention of all terzetto aspects, mayhem, chaos and anarchy, is a must and anecessity in our growth world.     Also self responsibility ties into this matter. By being aware of youractions and not doing anything that could effect yourself or anyone else, we areone step closer to a better world, not only for us but the for other generations

The Nervous System :: Biology, Neurons, Axon

The peripheral nervous organisation consists of two separately processing components the sensory division and the labour division. The sensory division provides appropriate responses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Sensory neurons bring reactive responses from the outskirt to the central nervous system while the motor division conducts action capabilitys from effector organs such as muscles and glands. In contrast, motor neurons transmit action say-sos from the central nervous system toward the periphery (Seeley et al., 2005).Neurons and their Electrical ActivityThe nervous system is composed of millions of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons be the p atomic number 18nchyma of the nervous system which performs every function of the nervous system from fair sensory functions to complex thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals to early(a) neurons or to effector organs. Clark (2005) observes that the anatomy of a neuron is composed of quaternity main parts the cell proboscis, the dendrites, the axone, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of to each one of the neuron components, it is important to discuss how each work separately and in tandem to achieve efficient and appropriate responses in the human body. alter in diameter and containing a single nucleus, the cell body is the primitive component of the neuron. The nucleus of the neuron provides information for protein synthesis and contains most of the organelles of the neuron. Seeley et al., (2005) keep that the cell body contains large numbers of mitochondria because of its high metabolic function and also abundant rough endoplasmic reticulums which referred to as Nissl bodies.The dendrites of a neuron are cytoplasmic extensions that reach out from the cell body like arms and contain a full array of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, chromatophilic substance, and ribosomes. The most important feature of a dendrite is its electrical activity. Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body, then prepare electrical impulses referred to as graded potentials. Graded potentials can have change degrees of depolarization or hyperpolarization. These graded potentials arise in the dendrites or in the cell body as a result of various stimuli and are important in initiating action potentials in neurons. As the graded potential passes through a cell body, it may initiate an action potential at the base of another cytoplasmic projection which is the axon (Clark, 2005). An axon is a long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

Essay examples --

Soalan 2 HBLS3203ASAS ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIKKERTAS PENERANGANTRANSISTORTAJUK TRANSISTORTUJUANKertas penerangan ditulis ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan kepada murid Tahun 6 tentang junction transistor iaitu salah satu daripada komponen yang utama di dalam barangan elektronik. Diharap murid akan dapat memahami tajuk yang diterangkan dan boleh membuat latihan amali bila perlu. PENERANGAN transistor adalah satu daripada komponen dalam litar barangan elektronik untuk meninggikan aliran arus, voltan, kuasa dan berfungsi sebagai suis. Transistor dibuat daripada bahan semikonduktor seperti silicon (Si ) dan germanium ( Ge ). Transistor mempunyai tiga kaki iaitu kaki pemancar (E) yang mengeluarkan arus untuk kembali ke punca negative, kaki pemungut (C) yang menerima arus eletrik daripada punca positif bateri dan kaki tapak (B) yang berfungsi untuk mengawal arus elektrik daripada kaki C ke kaki E.JENIS_JENIS TRANSISTORTerdapat dua jenis transistor, iaitu transistor jenis NPN dan transistor jenis PNP. PRINSIP KERJA TRANSISTORArus akan mengalir dari pemungut ...

The Greek Economy :: essays research papers fc

The classic Economy farmingThe Greek economy depends a lot on agriculture. One imbibe of the Greekworkforce is engaged in farming, and agriculture constitutes about 15% of thedomestic production. Not much attention has been drawn on the agriculturalsector of the economy. The farms ar pretty small, the division of inheritingland has cut the average size to 3,4 hectares (8 acres) and it is reallydifficult to use mechanised equipment efficiently. Yields are in like manner low due tothe dryness and erosion of the soil. Lets take a look at the yearly output ofsome major crops baccy 142000, wheat 2.6 million, tomatoes 1.9 million,oranges 780000, corn 2.1 million, sugar beet 1.9 million, grapes 1.6 million,olives 1.5 million, potatoes 850000 and cotton 222000. Livestock include some10.8 million sheep, 3.5 million goats, 800000 head of cattle, 31 million poultryand 1.2 million pigs.Forestry and searchingThe Greek government owns the two-thirds of the forestland and has materialisedh er plans i.e. to replace the trees that were destroyed during field War II.About 2.9 million cu m of timber were yearly cut in the late 80s andapproximately the 75% of the harvest was hardwood. Fish exports are limitedbecause of the widespread consumption of fish products within Greece. further inrecent years thousands of tons of fish are exported each year, due to the everincreasing development of fish farms in the country. In the late 80s the annualcatch totalled 135000 tons, from which 80% was consumed within Greece. Spongesare the briny marine product exported.MiningMining is of little importance to the Greek economy. We should mention thoughthe annual output of minerals in tons bauxite 2.3 million, contract ore 1.3 millionand magnesite 884400. Also, about 279200 cu m of marble were quarried. Petroleum,salt, chromium, silver, zinc were also produced.ManufacturingApproximately one fifth of the Greek workforce is engaged in manufacturing,which contributes 18% of the annual gro ss production. The manufacturedproducts include food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothing, chemicals,cement and wine. capital of Greece is the manufacturing center of Greece.Currency and margeingThe national currency of Greece is drachma. The central banking institution isthe Bank of Greece. The biggest banks of Greece are the National Bank of Greece,with 470 domestic branches and the Agricultural Bank of Greece with 420 branches. unconnected TradeGenerally Greece spends each year much more on imports than it receives fromexports. This "imbalance" is offset to a certain extent by phaeton revenues andby remittances from Greeks living abroad. In the 80s the imports totalled 3 one thousand million drachmas and exports earned 1.5 trillion drachmas.

Platos Repulic, book V Essay -- essays research papers fc

ABSTRACT This radical discusses the viability of certain aspects (the sex lottery) of Platos res publica, book V. It is college level A paper.Book V of The Republic finds Socrates explaining the practical details necessary in the creation of an ideal polis. He proposes a system for population control and benevolent eugenics based on a lottery of sorts which leading determine who will mate with whom and when. The lottery is rigged by the rulers in order that the best of the herd will mate much more frequently than others. However, only the rulers of this society will know the lottery is rigged. This system will presumably assure that children will be conceived as the result of reason, not irrational behaviors such as love or lust, and will produce the best possible in store(predicate) generations (Plato 458d 460c). I argue that Platos lottery would not drop worked in his time, nor would it work now because the desire to propagate was and still is a human instinct propelled b y passion, not mostthing that dissolve simply be reason out away. While Plato proposed that licentiousness would be forbidden and matrimony given the highest stage of sanctity (458e), I do not think that would be teeming to stop a massive rise in sex crimes and fanatical affairs. Instead of a precisely society, Platos proposal would confine created atomic number 53 of fear, self-doubt and lack of trust in the government and is not something I would advocate implementing. While we can never really know how this utopia would defy played out in Platos time, the negative effects on a society when passions argon forcibly controlled can be illustrated in a modern sense by the Catholic Church and our punishable system.Plato wrote that guardians would be drawn together by a necessity of their natures to have intercourse (458d) and yet, their inner interludes should be limited by the use of the lottery. It is substantial to point out that since reliable and accessible birth contr ol is a recent luxury, Plato was not simply advocating for selective child birth, he was talking about abstaining from heterosexual sex unless you won the lottery. I dont think Platos lottery system would have worked out as well as he envisioned. When the less desirable of the population were consistently unlucky and unable to propagate year after year, what would have happened to them psychologically? Given that copulation was to be an honor bestowed upon... ...or other punishments. Whether restraint of sexual instincts are willingly accepted or forced upon a community, the results can lead to a decidedly non-ideal situation.By looking at some modern examples, I have shown how human desire can, and often does, subvert reason and the law even when faced with community imposed consequences or dire punishments. While current society differs greatly from Platos Greece, sight are still people and human instinct existed then just as it exists today. People who are denied the ability t o choose if and with whom they can have sex are liable to become irrational or maneuver to violent means to reach that end, regardless of the era in which they live. In Platos ideal society these unsanctioned actions could have lead to an change magnitude level in the publics fear for their physical safety. Individuals consistently denied by the rulers to copulate might develop self-worth issues and finally, a pin-prick of imperfection in this utopian society may be discovered by those who are forbidden from enjoying physical relations with those they desire or love. Works CitedPlato, The Republic. Trans. genus Benzoin Jowett. New York Barnes & Noble Books, 2004.